Has Been and Will Continue to Be Punctuation
Grammar-Quizzes › Connectives › Connective Prepositions › By the time
"By the Time"
View relative progress or completion
In Context
Traffic is terrible this afternoon. My kids will already be eating by the time I get home. I'd like to play with them outdoors. But by the time I get home, the sun will already have set. It will be dark.
It is fall and the days are getting shorter. As I drive home from work, the sun will be setting. It will still be setting when I get home. In winter, the sun will already have set when I get home.
By the time vs. When
| BY THE TIME |
|---|
| By the time (possibly before and up to X time) is prepostional phrase that is followed by a clause that (1) relates a time-frame, for viewing the progress or completion of the activity in the main clause; (2) includes an activity having duration and an end-point. |
| FUTURE PROGRESSIVE |
| The sun will be setting by the time I get home. |
| FUTURE PERFECT |
| The sun will have set by the time I get home. |
| PRESENT (ROUTINE) |
| The sun has already set by the time I get home everyday. |
| PAST |
| The sun had already set by the time I got home. (single or multiple events) |
| WHEN |
|---|
| When (at X time) is a preposition that is followed by a clause that (1) relates a point in time for viewing the progress or completion of the activity in the main clause; (2) includes an activity whose duration is relatively short or not of importance (focus). |
| FUTURE PROGRESSIVE |
| The sun will be setting when I get home. |
| FUTURE PERFECT |
| ~The sun will have set when I get home. |
| PRESENT (ROUTINE |
| The sun sets when I get home. (this time of year) (Sunset varies throughout the year unless one lives near the equator.) |
| PAST |
| The sun had already set when I got home. (single or multiple events) |
~ Awkward sounding; by the time is more commonly used. See Will / Will have (Future Perfect).
By the time expresses that the end-point of one activity (with duration) is the point-of-time for viewing the timing of another activity, "not later than the time" [possibly before and up to X point of time]. The expression is used to compare or estimate relative progress of one activity to another. [temporal location prepositional phrase]
When expresses that the timing of one activity is the point of time for viewing the timing of another activity, "at the time" [X point of time]
time-frame (N) — "window of time", a period of time, especially a specified period in which something occurs or is planned to take place
(Murphy §120)
"By" Complements
Express completion times
By — "Possibly before and up to X time"
| SPECIFIC TIME | |
|---|---|
| By may be followed by a noun or noun phrase with a specific point in time such as now, then or a calendar time or date. (temporal nouns) | |
| FUTURE PERFECT PREDICTION | FUTURE TIME–POINT |
| They will have finished their work | by tomorrow. by this time next week. by 9:00 a.m. by the end of the day. by then / now. by noon / midnight / sunset by January / June / 2030. |
| PAST PERFECT OBSERVATION | PAST–TIME POINT |
| They had finished their work | by then. (time past) by this time last year. by the 17th century. |
| RELATIVE COMPLETION TIME | |
|---|---|
| By the time may be followed by a relative clause that modifies time by specifying the end or completion time. | |
| FUTURE PERFECT PREDICTION | FUTURE TIME–FRAME |
| We will have finished our work | by the time (that) you arrive. by the time (that) you are arriving. by the time you *will arrive by the time you ~will be arriving by the time *when you arrive. by *your arriving / *by your arrival. |
| PAST PERFECT OBSERVATION | PAST TIME–FRAME |
| We had finished our work | by the time (that) you arrived. by the time (that) you were arriving. |
* incorrect or not-used wording. ~uncommon usage or usage that requires a special context.
assessment (N) – estimation (in this case, the point for evaluating the progress or completion of the other activity)
complement (N) — in grammar, a word, phrase or clause that completes the meaning of another element in the clause. In some cases, the complement is required in order to make sense. In other cases, the complement is not absolutely required but adds important modifying and identifying information.(The tall boy wants to talk to you. The boy who is waiting wants to talk to you. The boy in the back of the room wants to talk to you.) See Complement.
Also see At / By and When/While and BytheTime.pdf.
Tense Agreement
Adjust future, present and past timing
Tense Agreement — Progressive vs. Perfect
| PROGRESSIVE — ONGOING |
|---|
| (1) A present tense verb form is used in the by-the-time phrase when the main clause expresses present or future progressive timing. (2) A past verb form is used in the by-the-time phrase when the main clause expresses past progressive timing. |
| FUTURE PROGRESSIVE—PREDICTION |
| They will be eating dinner by the time we arrive . (ongoing) *They will eat dinner by the time we arrive. |
| PRESENT PROGRESSIVE—ROUTINE |
| They are usually eating dinner by the time we arrive. *They eat dinner by the time we arrive. |
| PAST PROGRESSIVE—OBSERVATION |
| They were eating dinner by the time we arrived. *They ate dinner by the time we arrived. |
| PERFECT — DONE |
|---|
| (1) A present tense verb form is used in the by-the-time phrase when the main clause expresses present or future perfect timing. (2) A past verb form is used in the by-the-time phrase when the main clause expresses past perfect timing. |
| FUTURE PERFECT—PREDICTION |
| They will have eaten dinner by the time we arrive . (done) |
| PRESENT PERFECT—ROUTINE |
| They have always eaten dinner by the time we arrive . (They eat dinner early routinely, so we eat before we get there.) |
| PAST PERFECT—OBSERVATION |
| They had eaten dinner by the time we arrived. |
*Yellow highlighted words are examples of incorrect usage.
ongoing — continuing, in progress
done — completed, finished
Until vs. By
Express a milestone in personal development
Until "up to" vs. By "possibly before but no later than"
| UNTIL | |
|---|---|
| Until marks the end-point of a continuous activity or state. "The activity occurred up to this time." Until expresses an interval of time (from X to Y). The start time is often not included but can be understood from context. | |
| The end point of her crawling—from about 6 months to 18 months. | |
| ACTIVITY | UP TO THIS TIME |
| She crawled She did not walk | until she was 18 months old. until she was 18 months old. |
| UP TO THIS TIME | ACTIVITY |
| Until¹ she was 18 months old, Until she was 18 months old, | she crawled. she did not walk. |
| Not until² she was 18 months old, | did she walk. She was late! |
| OTHER EXPRESSIONS | |
| She crawled She crawled She started walking | for 6 months. (quantity) from 6 mos. to 18 mos. (range) at 18 months. |
| BY | |
|---|---|
| By the time marks the end-point for the occurrence of an activity. "The activity occurred sometime before but no later than X time." The start time is not important. The exact time of occurrence is not important. The end-point is. | |
| The latest point in time at which her walking began—18 months. | |
| ACTIVITY | POSSIBLY BEFORE, NO LATER THAN |
| She was walking She hadn't walked | by the time she was 18 months old. |
| POSSIBLY BEFORE, NO LATER THAN | ACTIVITY |
| By the time she was 18 months, | she was walking. |
| By 18 months of age, | she wasn't crawling anymore. |
| OTHER EXPRESSIONS | |
| She started walking She was walking She was walking | sometime before 18 mos. of age. no later than 18 months of age. within 18 months of age. |
¹ Until – "up to the time of" often includes an understood but not explicitly stated starting point. From birth to 18 months, she did not walk.
² Beginning not until requires auxiliary support and the inversion of the subject and auxiliary in the main clause.Not until she was 95, did she have to use a wheelchair. This word order is not used: *She had a chair not until she was 95. This is used: She walked until she was 95.
interval (N) – a period of time, a range of time (from X time to Y time).
milestone (N) – a significant event or stage in the life, progress, development of a person (business, nation, etc.)
(Swan 117, 602) (Murphy §120)
Future Perfect – Passive Voice
Relate the progress or completion of one activity to another
Future Perfect vs. Passive Future Perfect
| FUTURE ACTIVE |
|---|
| The future perfect usually occurs with the active voice in the main clause. That is, the doer or source of the activity is the subject of the main clause. The by X time expression is followed by a noun phrase or a clause with active voice. |
| FUTURE PROGRESSIVE — WILL BE -ING |
| We will be digitizing the classic film collection this year and next year. (standing in the present and looking forward) |
| FUTURE PERFECT — WILL HAVE VERB+ED |
| By this time next year, we will have digitized all the classic films. (standing in the future and looking at the other activity) |
| By this time next year, we will have restored all the animated films. |
| We will be rescuing the complete film archive. By this time next year, we will have rescued the complete film archive. |
| FUTURE PASSIVE |
|---|
| Future perfect may also be expressed as an activity with passive voice: (1) the "patient" ("theme") of the activity becomes the subject of the clause; (2) the predicator changes to a passive verb form. The by X time phrase is not passivized. |
| FUTURE PROGRESSIVE PASSIVE — WILL BE BEING -ED |
| *The classic film collection will be being digitized this year and next. (Reword as "will undergo the process of digitization".) |
| FUTURE PERFECT PASSIVE — WILL HAVE BEEN -ED |
| By this time next year, all the classic films will have been digitized. |
| By this time next year, all the animated films will have been restored. |
| By this time next year, the complete film archive will have been rescued (by our restoration team). |
*sounds awkward.
assess (V) – estimate, judge, evaluate
digitize (V) – to convert to a digital form for use on a computer
archive (N or V) – a collection of historical records or film; to store records
By the Time
Punctuation
Initial vs. Mid Position
| INITIAL CLAUSE |
|---|
| |
| By this time next year, we will have digitized all the classic films. |
| By 2020, we will have restored all the animated films. |
| By the time you return, we will have rescued the complete film archive. |
A comma separates the by-the-time clause from the main clause when it is placed initially (before).| MID-POSITION CLAUSE |
|---|
| |
| We will have digitized all the classic filmsby this time next year. |
| We will have restored all the animated films by 2020. |
| We will have rescued the complete film archive by the time you return. |
No comma is required when the by-the-time clause follows the main clause.archive (N) – a collection of historical records or film
digitize (V) – to convert to a digital form for use on a computer
Also see Using Commas general rules.
Common Mistakes
Errors and Solutions
Error and Solution
| ERROR |
|---|
| *By the time I will arrive, they will be eating dinner. |
| You will have been giving the best education available by the time you graduate four years from now. |
| *By leaving time, we will have better traffic conditions |
| SOLUTION |
|---|
| By the time I arrive, they will be eating dinner. Future Statements - when, before, after, by the time |
| You will have been given the best education available by the time you graduate four years from now. |
| By the time we leave, we will have better traffic conditions. (our departure is the end-point) By leaving on time, we will have better traffic conditions. (not being late) |
*Yellow highlighting indicates example of incorrect usage.
► Show Grammar Notes and Works Cited ▼ Hide Grammar Notes
Grammar Notes (Advanced)
Traditional and Linguistic Descriptions
Traditional and Linguistic Descriptions
| TRADITIONALDESCRIPTION |
|---|
| In traditional grammar, when and by the time are adverbs that introduce clauses of relative time. The clause "when I arrive" is called an adverbial clause. It is adverbial because it tells "when" the activity occurs. (Azar 17-2) |
| REED-KELLOGG PARSE DIAGRAM |
| |
| LINGUISTIC DESCRIPTION |
|---|
| In linguistic description of temporal location expressions,by the time is a prepositional phrase (PP); that is, by (P) has as its complement— the time (NP); which has as its complement— a clause. (In linguistic description, a preposition can be complemented by a wide variety of structures unlike traditional grammar in which a preposition is complemented by an object. See Prep Complements.) When denotes a point of time whereas by denotes an interval of time. (Swan 117.1) (Huddleston 8.6.3-4) |
| TREE DIAGRAM |
| |
CATEGORIES: NP –noun phrase; N – noun; VP – verb phrase; V – verb; Det – determiner; PP – prepositional phrase; P – preposition; AdvP – adverb phrase; Adv – adverb; AdjP– adjective phrase; Adj – adjective
FUNCTIONS: Subject: Subject, Predicate: Predicator (V) Complements: (elements required by verb) Object, Indirect Object, Predicative ComplementAdjuncts: (optional modifiers) Adj, Adv
Works Cited
- Azar, Betty Schrampfer, and Stacy A. Hagen. Understanding and Using English Grammar. 4th ed., Pearson Education, 2009.
- Huddleston, Rodney D., and Geoffrey K. Pullum. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge UP, 2002.
- Murphy, Raymond. English Grammar in Use. 5th ed., Cambridge UP. 2019.
- O'Brien, Elizabeth. "Diagramming Sentences Exercises: Chapter 1." English Grammar Revolution. 2016. english-grammar-revolution.com/english-grammar-exercise.html. Accessed on 10 Oct. 2016.
- Swan, Michael. Practical English Usage. 3rd ed., Oxford UP, 2005.
- "Sentence diagram." Wikipedia. 28 Sep. 2016. Accessed on 10 Oct. 2016.
Practice 1
Imagining Future Events
Complete the sentence with a future progressive or perfect verb tense.
- Select the response from the list that best completes the sentence.
- Compare your response to the feedback by clicking the "check" or "check 1-15" button.
Practice 2
High-Speed Rail — Still Waiting
Read for Errors
California has been trying to build a high-speed rail (train) as a clean-energy alternative for travel within the state. By November, it will be four years since the voters approved a proposition to build the project. The original estimate for building the high-speed rail was around 40 billion. By the time the train is actually built in 2030, the cost will have rose to five times that amount.
The system will extend from San Francisco and Sacramento, via the Central Valley, to Los Angeles and San Diego via the Inland Empire. The state expects to complete a 130-mile initial construction segment from Merced to Bakersfield in the Central Valley by 2017. By then, it hopes to have been made a final selection for a route to the San Francisco Bay Area.
Some concerned people in towns such as Palo Alto have tried to block the train from passing through their neighborhoods. The High-Speed Rail Authority has come up with various solutions, raised and tunnel, so that communities will not be disturbed by the passing of the train.
Many hope that these problems will have been solving so that the project can continue. Getting so many people to agree has been a difficult task. Many people joke, "By the time that train is finished, I will have passed away!"
alternative (N) – another option
block (V) – stop
disturb (V) – bother, disrupt
estimate (N) – calculation of cost
extend (V) – reach
has come up with (VP) – has planned
pass away (VP) – die
proposition (N) – a project requiring a vote of the people
segment (N) – part of the rail line
solve (V) – find an answer to a problem
task (N) – small project or job within a larger one
various (Adj) – differing
Decide whether the sentence is correct or incorrect
- Select your response—correct or incorrect.
- Compare your response to the feedback by clicking the "check" or "check 16-20" button.
passed away (expression) – died
Practice 3
The year 2100 – what will it be like?
Advanced level
Read for Errors
What picture do you have of the future? Will life in the future be better, worse or the same as now? Will this hot, flat, and crowded world be "standing room only"? People hope that by the year 2100, many of our current problems will have being solved.
Clean water will be one of the most valuable resources. Demand for water will have been increased ten times. In fact, there could be a serious shortage. Will water be more valuable than oil? Will we have found a way to preserve our most precious resource by 2100?
Energy will come from a variety of sources: wind, air, solar, hydrogen fuel, and nuclear fusion. Cars will have stopping using gasoline and will be using far more efficient means of getting around. Public transit is expected to play a larger part in our daily lives.
The boundaries between entertainment and education will disappear. "Edutainment" will have took over as the preferred system of learning. Parents stories of having carried backpacks with 60 pounds of books will be a source of amusement for children. Learning will be "on demand" and focused to specific needs in the world job market.
Air travel will be safer and faster. Computers will operate aircraft with sensors, which will make them incapable of having collisions with other aircraft or phenomena of nature. Problems that grounded the Concorde (SST) will have being resolved by engineers, and passenger aircraft will travel at a speed of Mach 0.1.
Robots will continue to replace people in manufacturing; however, personal services will be in high demand. However, by 2100, companies have replaced phone trees with human operators. Local items such as food, clothing, and furniture with an "artisanal" touch will again be preferred over more polished, less expensive items produced by robots.
What experts cannot predict is whether we will be kinder, more caring people. Will we have understood that violence and war only cause pain and despair? Will we be able to share earth's resources? Will we have stopped looking at our differences and start seeing our common goals?
aircraft (N) – general term for planes; singular or plural
artisanal – a marketing buzz word for being hand made or produced
boundaries (n. pl.) – dividing lines, limitations
crowded (Adj) – filled with too many people or things
despair (N) – misery, loss of hope
efficient (Adj) – functioning in the best possible manner with the least waste of time and effort
focus (Adj) – limit to a smaller circle of attention
on demand (p.p.) – available, easy to get when someone wants it
play a part (v. phrase) – be included, be instrumental in a larger plan
public transit (N) – transportation for everyone (not private)
resource (N) – a supply of something or a support or aid that can easily be used when needed
sensor (N) – a mechanical device that is sensitive to light, temperature, radiation level, or movement, and which transmits a signal to a measuring or control instrument
SST – Super Sonic Transport (Air France Concorde)
valuable (Adj) – bringing a high price
Edit for errors.
- Edit the sentence(s) in the text box.
- Compare your response to the feedback by clicking the "check" or "check 21-27" button.
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